How to Write the Nuclear Symbol of an Element

This worked problem demonstrates how to write nuclear symbols for isotopes of a given element. The nuclear symbol of an isotope indicates the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of the element. It does not indicate the number of electrons. The number of neutrons is not stated. Instead, you have to figure it out based on the number of protons or atomic number. Nuclear Symbol Example: Oxygen Write the nuclear symbols for three isotopes of oxygen in which there are 8, 9, and 10  neutrons, respectively. Solution Use a periodic table to look up the atomic number of oxygen. The atomic number indicates how many protons are in an element. The nuclear symbol indicates the composition of the nucleus. The atomic number ( the  number of protons) is a subscript at the lower left of the symbol of the element. The mass number (the sum of protons and neutrons) is a superscript at the upper left of the element symbol. For example, the nuclear symbols of the element hydrogen are: 11H, 21H, 31H Pretend that the superscripts and subscripts line up on top of each other: They should do it this way in your homework problems, even though its not printed that way in this example.  Since its redundant to specify the number of protons in an element if you know its identity, its also correct to write: 1H, 2H, 3H Answer The element symbol for oxygen is O and its atomic number is 8. The mass numbers for oxygen must be 8 8 16; 8 9 17; 8 10 18. The nuclear symbols are written this way (again, pretend the superscript and subscript are sitting right on top of each other beside the element symbol):168O, 178O, 188O Or, you could write: 16O, 17O, 18O Nuclear Symbol Shorthand While its common to write nuclear symbols with the atomic mass—the sum of the number of protons and neutrons—as a superscript and atomic number (the number of protons) as a subscript, theres an easier way to indicate nuclear symbols. Instead, write the element name or symbol, followed by the number of protons plus neutrons. For example, helium-3 or He-3 is the same as writing 3He or 31He, the most common isotope of helium, which has two protons and one neutron. Example nuclear symbols for oxygen  would be oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18, which have 8, 9, and 10 neutrons, respectively. Uranium Notation   Uranium is an element often described using this shorthand notation. Uranium-235 and uranium-238 are isotopes of uranium. Each uranium atom has 92 atoms (which you can verify using a periodic table), so these isotopes contain 143 and 146 neutrons, respectively. Over 99 percent of natural uranium is the isotope uranium-238, so you can see that the most common isotope isnt always one with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

Utilitarianism Can Not Be Defended Against The Injustice...

In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. Utilitarians may be able to reply to the injustice objection in some cases by invoking one of two replies, the ‘Long term consequences’ reply, in which utilitarians will avoid unjust actions that increase short-term utility because in the long-term they will not lead to the greatest good. The other reply that may help utilitarianism avoid injustice in some cases is the ‘Secondary principles’ reply, where some rule-based principles such as not murdering (because it generally decreases happiness) may avoid injustice.. However, I will focus on the ‘bite the bullet’ objection, which states that when we do not know what the long term consequences†¦show more content†¦An example of this is in the case of R v Dudley and Stephens (1884), where Dudley, Stephens, and Brookes ate the cabin boy Parker, after they were shipwrecked for 24 days at sea. Although this act maximised utility for the most people, Parker’s rights were infringed upon as he did not agree to being killed and eaten. Therefore when we add up the pain and pleasures of all those affected we may end up infringing someone’s rights. The act that maximises utility may cause unhappiness and misery for the minority. There are three standard replies to the injustice objection. The first being the ‘Long term consequences’ objection, where a person following utilitarianism is not obligated to commit an injustice, and that person should take into account the long term consequences of their actions. An example I would like to refer to is the harvesting organs example. Where there are five sick people in hospital and they all need organ transplants, at the same time a sixth patient is undergoing a routine checkup. A transplant surgeon finds that the only way of saving the five would be to kill the sixth person and harvest their organs. Utilitarianism would state that we should harvest the organs of person 6 without his permission to save the lives of the five other people who are dying. A utilitarian would explain that the action of harvesting the organs ofShow MoreRelatedCan Utilitarianism Be Defended Against The Injustice Objection?1361 Words   |  6 PagesCan Utilitarianism be defend ed against the Injustice Objection?    In this essay, I will argue that utilitarianism cannot be defended against the injustice objection. Utilitarians may be able to reply to the injustice objection in some cases by invoking one of two replies, the ‘Long term consequences’ reply, in which utilitarians will avoid unjust actions that increase short-term utility because in the long-term they will not lead to the greatest good. The other reply that may help utilitarianismRead MoreCustomer Perception on Buying House5873 Words   |  24 PagesPrinciples of Ethical Reasoning Adapted from Business Ethics, Concepts and Cases: Manuel Velasquez (2006) Prentice Hall Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society. In any situation, the â€Å"right† action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs (when all alternatives have only net costs). Many businessesRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment2824 Words   |  12 Pagescommit murder should suffer and be punished for their inexcusable action(s). The principles of retributivism suggest that a convicted murderer should be executed because they â€Å"deserve† and â€Å"have earned† the death sentence. 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The development of each scholarly group and the explanations for their attitudes toward each other are dealt with in Part I below.    The debate within tort scholarship can be both compared and contrasted with scholarly discussions concerning the law of crimes. In the modern era many analysts have emphasized deterrence as a primary goal of the criminal law. Others have evaluated the criminal law in terms of the goal ofRead MoreAppearance Discrimination in Employment22039 Words   |  89 Pagesdiscrimination in employment, the presence of â€Å"preferring the pretty†, and then the authors examine important civil rights laws that relate to such forms of discrimination. Finally, the authors apply ethical theories to determine whether such discrimination can be seen as moral or immoral. Design/methodology/approach  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is a legal paper which covers all the laws related to discrimination based on look. 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A Paper on Euthanasia Free Essays

The term ‘euthanasia’ according to the 2007 guidelines on euthanasia published by the American Veterinary Medical Association is derived from the Greek term eu meaning good and thanato meaning death, combining the two Greek words, euthanasia means good death. However, the definition was applied to animal with the concept that if animals life is to be taken, it should be done with the highest degree of respect and with an emphasis on making death as pain less and distress free as possible. For some patients who had been suffering from illness and had bed ridden for a long period of time, death is better than to live having that kind of situation. We will write a custom essay sample on A Paper on Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some even prayed that God take their lives, as they are themselves tired of their condition so they beg that they had better be dead. I would say that euthanasia is humane act as death is inevitable for everyone. Those who are suffering extreme pain or are brain dead with hopeless chance of survival must be given option be they wished to die. Euthanasia or painless death should be an option for the patient with terminal illness as part of their last will. Generally Euthanasia is the deliberate killing by act of omission of the immediate family member being for the patient alleged benefit. Voluntary euthanasia however means that the person has requested to be killed; physician assisted euthanasia is when doctor assisted the patient to kill him or herself. This subject is a good topic because it is a real ethical issue that the society is facing. Based on the recent development on the study of euthanasia, American doctors find it a competent way of easing a patient of the pain and struggle caused by his or her terminal illness. Ian Dowbiggin pointed out that with diagnosis and prognosis more accurate; physicians were able to with fair probability whether a patient was unlikely to recover (p. 5). Thus, according to Dowbiggin doctors â€Å"could now propose active euthanasia† particularly on patients with hopeless chance of recovery. Evaluation Everyone will surely die but the manner by which death comes differs and at a different age. Euthanasia is truly a good death because patients are first given relief from pain before administering a lethal dose of morphine or chloroform that would allow a painless death of the patient. It is quite common that despite of the modern life saving technology many people are extremely suffering from terminal illness, in which the only thing that technology can do is to prolong the patient’s life, which eventually will also end in death. I believed that the quality of death by euthanasia is one that is with dignity, as the patient’s remaining life was treated with highest degree of respect by emphasizing on painless death. Prolonging the sufferings of patient from terminal illness reduces the quality and dignity of his life and increases the level of the patient’s suffering. In the words of Shai Joshua Lavi, the purpose euthanasia society was to â€Å"relieve needless human suffering† (p. 120) Citing the ESA (Euthanasia society of America) statement, Lavi stated that euthanasia is the lawful termination of human life by painless means for the purpose of avoiding unnecessary suffering under adequate safeguard. However, regardless of the quality of death by euthanasia, it remains morally a criminal act to take someone’s life. Euthanasia is humanistic argument, which view life based on secular perspective. Life is sacred and God has the right to take it back, and euthanasia is not an excuse to escape the consequence of humanity’s sin that made human body vulnerable to disease. Comparing the good and the bad side, the effectiveness and ineffectiveness, its best and its worst, the competency and in competency, and its success and unsuccessfulness, Euthanasia has been widely thought to have bad impact on society rather than good. The proponents of those who favor euthanasia emphasized that it good for terminally ill patient while the greater majority claims euthanasia is a crime on human life. Thus, efforts by proponents of euthanasia were mostly unsuccessful than success. During the earlier period prior to World War I, Dowbiggin noted that many people supports doctors administering euthanasia on terminally ill patient. Perhaps euthanasia’s best were widely recognized than its worst, however with improve technology this has been reversed. In most comparison, today’s generation oppose euthanasia, and cast their opinion against it. Evaluative Claim Looking at the positive and negative aspect of I would say that euthanasia is a better option not only for the patient but also for the love ones who are directly affected by the circumstances surrounding the patient’s illness. With out congress-enacted law on euthanasia, it will remain an ethical debate whether or not it will be allowed. However, based on reality of the situation of terminally ill patient, Euthanasia is a competent option for the benefit of the patient who wished for it. The criteria on which euthanasia has to be administered have been quite clear. Patients with terminal illness and whose chance of survival is hopeless, is suffering from extreme pain, and is begging for his or her death are qualified applicant. According to Derek Humphry, the quality of life is vital and if the body is destroyed by disease that is not worth living (p. 90). Humphry noted that it is an intensely individual decision which should not be thwarted† (p. 90) Evidence that the subject meet the criteria is that those that had assessed or had performed euthanasia in all parts of the world that had been convicted was either paroled, or released. Humphry pointed out that in some strongest places; tolerance for euthanasia appears (p. 4) Evidence suggest that the lack of specific laws of many countries regarding euthanasia, means it meets the criteria. Work Cited Dowbiggin, Ian. A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement USA: Oxford University Press, 2003 Humphry, Derek. The Good Euthanasia Guide 2004: Where, What, and Who in Choices in Dying. USA: Norris Lane Press, 2004. Lavi, Joshua Shai. A History of Euthanasia in the United States. USA: Princeton University Press, 2005. AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia http://www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf   June 2007.    How to cite A Paper on Euthanasia, Papers

Development of Noras and Torvalds relationship Essay Example For Students

Development of Noras and Torvalds relationship Essay A Dolls House was initially written towards the nearing of the twentieth century by Henrik Ibsen. A time when time-old tradition and good social behaviors we only tolerated and the family circle was a sacred institution in which both husband and wife lived with certain codes; dignity that was the norm. As a result this play did not receive the welcome it deserved as a reflection of the reality it depicted: deceit, dissatisfaction, lust, misunderstanding; etc. Since the play reflects society the audience can easily relate to the play and thus feel as though they are a part, therefore his writing techniques are noteworthy in relation to the effect it has. Considering the opening of the play in which were given the impression that theyre a happily married couple, a family of love. Both supporting one another, living an honest life where Helmer is presented as being the prefect husband and Nora the perfect wife. I believe Ibsen has been able to skillfully set about the play in a manner that makes us believe there is a somewhat a tranquil atmosphere. This later can be contrasted against the developing sinister truths that emerge with regards their relationship; could quite possibly draw attention to the problems as dramatically and seemingly a small issue a couple that have been married for eight years split each going their separate ways. Healthful relationships of that of a husband and a wife have certain features and characteristics and a relationship one like that of a father and a child between the couple cant be reflective of those features and as a result cant be good for the marriage. With Nora from the outset pretending to be the submissive darling wife to her husband has but left the audience understanding her true nature. Shes anything but a prefect wife and could pass of as a wife-in-training or a juvenile as shes also seem in her husbands eyes, but to him decorated in his eyes of lust. Pops the bag of Macaroons in her pocket and wipes her mouth, determined to get rid of all evidence from her husband that she has been secretly indulging in contraband sweet. A grown women sharing a vaguely innocent trait as that of a child, in the same scene Helmer goes over to her and takes her playfully by the ear its as if he is the dominant one, as if hes the father and Nora the blissful child. But Nora isnt all that green and takes advantage of his paternalism because it may seem that she enjoys being a spoiled little child who is a little spendthrift. Helmer and Nora are both dominant in their relationship although one more power in their own domain, with Helmer is his capability of bringing money in the relationship, hes the bread-winner, hes just been made vice-president of the bank and hell be getting a big salary and lots of percentages, talking boastfully of her husbands new found wealth Nora goes on to her friend. Therefore it quite easy to see his control over Nora financially. Nora acknowledges the fact she knows he prides himself on his achievements and capabilities as she says hes so proud of being a man itd be so painful and humiliating to know he owed anything to me. It would completely wreck our relationship. The above claim also is indicative of the fact Noras behavior may be due to in keeping with her husbands need of maintaining his egocentric self importance. She also shows shes not all that naive and insightful as she shows knowledge of the importance for her to feel important and the consequence this life we have built together would no longer exist. This suggests their relation is superficial with not strong foundation of trust, true understating and love. Still, its not fair to conclude that Nora doesnt have as much to benefit as does Helmer form the way their relationship is although it will not be long-lasting. She uses her beauty, her seductive powers in order to win over her husband. .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .postImageUrl , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:hover , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:visited , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:active { border:0!important; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:active , .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647 .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b6782731f2555ef85d08bdbd6b77647:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child development EssayPlays with his coat button; not looking at him and then she throws her arms around his neck. Nora in this regard I believe to be very clever, her ability to fulfill her desire and want financially is incredible but it also more than that. When it no longer pleases him to see me dance and dress up and play the fool for him it might be useful to have something up my sleeves. Therefore Nora is doing it for as long as it last and just trying to get her cut. And as a result shes not hundred percent devoted to her husband never the less she still loves her family. Its in the third scene we starts to see a different side to both Nora and Helmer. He says of her my most treasured possession one whom he can exploit and use seems he possess her. When I saw you dance the Tarantella like huntress a temptress my blood grew hot I seized you and dragged you down The feeling a child and parent like relationship is lost in his scene and strength off a womans sexual affinity to a man. The little squirrel or sky lark or songbird was suddenly transformed right before his eyes into a distractingly beautiful young women. In this act the artificial curtain of innocence is lifted and it comes under the spot light and the truth is revealed and Helmer no longer sees Nora as a child but a women. Showing he truly different love her just what she represented, beauty, fantasy and practically served as amusement, without any strings attached and trouble-free. In eight whole years we have never exchanged a serious word on a serious subject. This is when truth was revealed and their long awaited characteristics were finally defined at this climax. And its after this point they have their first and final talk at first it seemed to all fun and games now its serious he even dares to refer to her as a wretched women. All those childlike references were gone and Helmers real side revealed. He believes that she should take responsibility for what she has done; he no longer wants to protect her. His good name meant more to him than his wife. People may think I was behind it I may quite easily be suspected. Its after this point all goes bad, Im saved the exclaims in relief and tries to reverse the mood that destroyed an eight year old marriage. He goes back to calling her poor little Nora moreover he says lean on me but Nora finally understands the truth and what she has to do. She says I can no longer be married to such a man, not out of spite for him but in order to discover herself. Yes, Torvald. Ive changed, says Nora. This is clear Nora has grown up the little skylark; little bird has spread her wings for the first time. She has sudden new opinions of herself, no longer will she simply over taste in everything, she wants her own memory so to speak. She believes shes been your doll wife and at the cost of sacrificing her childrens relationship to order to discover herself. Torvald is left in the middle. To conclude, it would be fair to say that their relationship has not at all developed in a posative way. And great revelations have been made with regards to the truth of twentieth century marriages.